Overview α-agonists α2 agonists ex.) brimonidine, apraclonidine mechanism vasoconstriction resulting in ↓ aqueous humor synthesis side effects unlike non-specifc α-agonists no pupillary or vision changes non-specific α-agonists ex.) epinephrine, dipivefrin mechanism ↑ outflow of aqueous humor side effects mydriasis stinging contraindicated in closed-angle glaucoma β-blockers Examples timolol (non-selective), betaxolol (β1), carteolol Mechanism blocks aqueous humor-secreting action of NE ↓ aqueous humor secretion Side effects no pupillary or vision changes Diruetics Examples acetazolamide (oral), dorzolamide/brinzolamide (topical), mannitol (for narrow angle) Mechanism ↓ aqueous humor secretion via inhibition of carbonic anhydrase Side effects no pupillary or vision changes Cholinomimetics Direct muscarinic agonists ex.) pilocarpine, carbachol pilocarpine best at treating emergencies opens meshwork into canal of Schlemm Indirect cholinesterase inhibitors ex.) physostigmine, echothiophate Mechanism contract ciliary muscle and open trabecular meshwork ↑ outflow of aqueous humor Side effects miosis cyclospasm Prostaglandin Examples latanoprost (PGF2α) Mechanism ↑ outflow of aqueous humor Side effects darkens color of iris