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Updated: Dec 7 2017

Crohn's Disease

Snapshot
  • A 15-year-old girl presents with severe, crampy, abdominal pain and associated diarrhea. This is not her first episode. She reports another episode 7 weeks ago and several before that. The diarrhea is bloody. She also complains of painful oral lesions, which have been present for two days. A sigmoidoscopy was performed. On exam she has two small ophthous ulcers in her mouth.
Introduction
  • Characterized by inflammation of the GI tract with subsequent tissue damage
    • may be infectious in nature
  • May invlove any portion of the GI track
    • usually in intestines (especially the ileoceccal region)
    • NON-contigous pattern
  • Risk factors include
    • family history of IBD
    • most common in whites and Ashkenazi Jews
    • often presents in patients in their early 20's
  • Extraintestinal manifestations include
    • erythema nodosum
    • uveitis
    • arthritis
    • kidney stones
Presentation
  • Symptoms (typically in a young man)   
    • abdominal pain 
    • watery diarrhea
    • low grade fever
    • weight loss
    • obstruction
    • oral manifestations include apthous ulcers  
    • perianal fissures/fistulas
    • Intra-abdominal abscess
Evaluation
  • Barium enema 
    • deep transverse fissures
    • ulcers
    • edema of the bowel
  • Colonoscopy 
    • aphthoid, linear stellate ulcers
    • cobblestone mucosa
    • skip lesions 
  • Creeping fat on gross dissection is pathognomonic
  • Labs
    • B12 deficiency
    • macro-ovalocytes
    • hypersegmented neutrophils
    • elevated serum methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels
Differential
  • Ulcerative colitis
    • variables that separate UC and Crohn's disease 
Treatment
  • Management includes
    • prednisone for acute exacerbation
    • sulfasalazine/mesalamine
    • immunosuppresion
      • azathioprine
      • mercaptopurine
    • infliximab
      • monoclonal antibody to TNF-alpha
  • Surgery if
    • refractory disease
    • perforation a risk during surgical excision
Complications
  • Intraabdominal abscess
    • evaluate with abdominal CT
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency secondary to ileal resection or decreased absorption of vitamins
    • Evaluate for megaloblastic anemia and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord on MRI
 

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